{"id":3117,"date":"2022-09-29T10:27:12","date_gmt":"2022-09-29T02:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/\/?p=3117"},"modified":"2022-09-29T10:27:12","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T02:27:12","slug":"%e6%95%b8%e5%ad%b8%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e4%b8%80%e5%80%8b%e8%a4%87%e9%9b%9c%e7%9a%84%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/\/%e6%95%b8%e5%ad%b8%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e4%b8%80%e5%80%8b%e8%a4%87%e9%9b%9c%e7%9a%84%e5%95%8f%e9%a1%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6578\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c"},"content":{"rendered":"\u7576\u5e74\u5e7c\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u9032\u5165\u5b78\u9662\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee5\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5f9e\u51fa\u751f\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u5c31\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u5982\u4f55\u5b78\u7fd2\u5982\u4f55\u61c9\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u5f62\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u3001\u905e\u6b78\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u6211\u5011\u65e9\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u95b1\u8b80\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u5c0e\u5e2b\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u6578\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u7576\u66f4\u983b\u7e41\u5730\u6392\u7df4\u6642\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u50f5\u5316\u3002\u6578\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u9808\u4f7f\u7528\u7cbe\u7d30\u5de5\u5177\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u7121\u7bc0\u5236\u7684\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u9a5a\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002 \u8a2a\u554f\u9019\u88e1\u95b1\u8b80\u66f4\u591a\u95dc\u65bc120\u79d2\u4e2d\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5206\u9418\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff01

\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6578\u5b78\u3002\u81ea 1945 \u5e74 P\u00f3lya \u7684\u300a\u5982\u4f55\u6253\u7834\u5b83\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u51fa\u7248\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u767c\u63ee\u6838\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5168\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5c0e\u5e2b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703 (NCTM) \u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5021\u5c0e\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u8fd1 40 \u500d\uff0c\u800c\u5f9e 1990 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u6578\u5b78\u8f14\u5c0e\u7684\u8de8\u570b\u8da8\u52e2\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u95dc\u6ce8\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u548c\u7cbe\u7d30\u5efa\u6a21\u3002

\u96a8\u8457\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0e\u5e2b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u64d4\u5fc3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b78\u8005\u8981\u9069\u5408\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u7cbe\u7d30\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u81f3\u95dc\u91cd\u8981\uff08Wu and Zhang 2006\uff09\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5730\u4f4d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u8b8a\u5316\u3002
\u201c\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b78\u7fd2\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u201d

2011 \u5e74\uff0c\u901a\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\u5dde\u898f\u7bc4\u5c07\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3001\u908f\u8f2f\u548c\u8b49\u64da\u3001\u6e9d\u901a\u3001\u8868\u793a\u548c\u9023\u63a5\u7684 NCTM \u904e\u7a0b\u898f\u7bc4\u7d0d\u5165\u6578\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u898f\u7bc4\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a31\u591a\u6578\u5b78\u5c0e\u5e2b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u671f\u671b\u5c07\u5b78\u751f\u5408\u4f5c\u548c\u8207\u554f\u984c\u8655\u7406\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u3002

\u9019\u7a2e\u505a\u6cd5\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u8f14\u5c0e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u795e\u5b78\u9662\u5f9e\u6559\u5e2b\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u66f4\u5177\u5c0d\u8a71\u6027\u7684\u8f14\u5c0e\u548c\u8b58\u5b57\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5c0e\u5e2b\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u6311\u6230\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5b78\u8005\u4e0d\u50c5\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u901a\u904e\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u5b78\u7fd2\u6578\u5b78\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u8a31\u591a\u5b78\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0a\u7684\u7121\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u5e38\u4fdd\u8b49\u6253\u7834\u65b0\u554f\u984c\u6216\u5728\u597d\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9593\u5efa\u7acb\u806f\u7e6b\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u89e3\u3002
\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5de5\u4f5c\u73ed\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u9700\u8981\u8207\u6559\u5e2b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u7d66\u5b78\u751f\u6642\u9593\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0b\u627e\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e26\u5b78\u6703\u4f30\u8a08\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u5c0e\u4f5c\u696d\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u6559\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5834\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u8ab2\u5802\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u91cd\u9ede\u9700\u8981\u653e\u5728\u5b78\u8005\u5141\u8a31\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e0a\u3002\u201d

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\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u5e36\u8457\u76f4\u89ba\u7684\u7cbe\u7d30\u7406\u89e3\u9032\u5165\u5b78\u9662\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u901a\u904e\u8b93\u5b78\u8005\u63a2\u7d22\u6578\u5b78\u4e26\u5728\u8207\u6559\u5e2b\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u9f61\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u4e2d\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684 gestes \u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u89e3\u5efa\u7acb\u806f\u7e6b\u4e26\u505a\u51fa\u7406\u89e3\u3002

\u8b58\u5b57\u767c\u751f\u5728\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff08Vygotsky\uff0c1978\uff09\u3002\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u901a\u904e\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u4ef6\u53cd\u5c04\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u554f\u984c\u548c\u8207\u4ed6\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\u4f86\u69cb\u5efa\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u901a\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6293\u4f4f\u9677\u9631\uff0c\u5617\u8a66\u65b0\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4e26\u7d66\u4e88\u548c\u627f\u8a8d\u53cd\u994b\u3002\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u5206\u4eab\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u5408\u4f5c\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u904e\u8ac7\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u548c\u6fc0\u767c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u5011\u69cb\u5efa\u77e5\u8b58\u4e26\u7372\u5f97\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u7406\u89e3 gests\u3002

\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u901a\u904e\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u53d7\u8f14\u5c0e\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u5c0d\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e26\u57f9\u990a\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff08Hiebert1997\uff09\u3002\u6559\u5e2b\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u662f\u69cb\u5efa\u554f\u984c\u548c\u5448\u73fe\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u70ba\u554f\u984c\u5de5\u4f5c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u500b\u8ad6\u58c7\u3002

\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u554f\u984c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff1f
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\u5b78\u7fd2\u6578\u5b78\u4e2d\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u6578\u5b78\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u554f\u984c\u8655\u7406\u4f7f\u5b78\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89e3\u91cb\u7528\u65bc\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8a18\u4f4f\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u904e\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u5c0d\u7cbe\u7d30\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u4e26\u6b23\u8cde\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u9069\u7528\u6027\u548c\u5be6\u7528\u6027\uff08Wu and Zhang 2006\uff09\u3002\u6578\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8655\u7406\u652f\u6301\u767c\u5c55
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